Realism and Liberalism Essay

Presentation Authenticity and Liberalism are the two most predominant philosophies in rehearsing and examining International Relations over the most recent two centuries. They are assuming significant jobs in the states. They will legitimately influence the dynamic of the administrations and carry impacts to the harmony relations among nations. Pragmatist chiefly put an emphasis on state, force and national security. It was particularly very prevailing in the primary period of the Cold War. Then again, Liberalism focuses on people’s opportunity and rights. It ascended after the World War II additionally the finish of Cold War. From my perspective, to an enormous degree Realism and Liberalism are not quite the same as one another. They are very inverse in principle. The contrasts among Realism and Liberalism exceed the similitudes. In this paper, I would expand these two belief systems in various angles to discuss. Similitudes among Realism and Liberalism Political agitation nature Right off the bat, for the likenesses, the two Realists and Liberals have faith in insurgency nature of universal framework that it is leaderless on the planet framework. ‘The major speculations of global relations grasp the view that the worldwide framework is anarchic’ (Adem 2002: 19). Both concede that there is no sway, rules or frameworks in the global framework. Be that as it may, these two belief systems got altogether different discernments towards what they accept the states ought to do under this anarchic circumstance. The distinctions will be enunciated underneath. Contrasts among Realism and Liberalism The perspectives towards human instinct For the distinctions, the first is that the Realists and the Liberals hold various convictions towards human instinct. Pragmatists basically are negative and preservationist. ‘It is basic not to have confidence in human instinct. Such confidence is an ongoing sin and an awful one’ (Butterfield 149: 47). Pragmatists have confidence in detestable human instinct. Individuals are brought into the world with scorn and envy,â had unique sin, war happened continually. They imagine that characteristic energy of mankind will bring out battles among nations, ‘conflict is inevitable’ (Niebuhr 1932: xv). This can be show in the weapon race in World War I. Each nation attempted to augment their measures of weapons and extend their military around then. Particularly Britain and Germany, their relationship was compounded as there was a battleship building rivalry between them. Strife is then happened, made ready to the World War I. Aside from this, during 1860s, the United States constrained Japan to open its market at the danger of assault, which was helpful for America just (Sr And Teresa 2013:16). Subsequently, they additionally see human are self-intrigued, intrigue is the most significant thing of the state. Political activity of the administration is made a decision about dependent on national intrigue (Morgenthau 1978: 4-15). Pragmatists feel that national intrigue is the most significant thing of the state. Despite what might be expected, Liberals predominantly are hopeful and dynamic. They decipher goodness exists in human instinct. Individuals are destined to be benevolent, mindful and accommodating, ready to manufacture trust with others. Aside from this, Liberals stress association, accepting participation can be upgraded in nations so as to decrease clashes. Numerous intergovernmental associations and organizations are framed in the late nineteenth century. They are comprised of part states. For example, European Union and World Trade Organization, they upgrade political and monetary collaboration among nations. Foundations improve the monetary collaboration and decreasing the exchanges cost among states (Keohane 1998: 82-94). Aside from this, the development of United Nation was likewise a representative intergovernmental association of Liberalism, giving an additionally comprehension of human rights and fortifying its insurance. Subsequently, seeing the examination over, the distinctions are plainly demonstrated that the Realists and Liberals hold inverse perspectives towards human instinct. The alternate points of view on ‘state’ The subsequent distinction is the manner in which Realists and Liberals see ‘state’ in inverse points. ‘State’ is the most significant on-screen character in Realism. They hold a view that sway of the state shows the autonomy of theâ political network. Pragmatists ‘Non-state on-screen characters, for example, global associations are useful just for issues that don't concern quick security interests’ (Harrison 2006: 21). Pragmatists will just disregard different on-screen characters if the enthusiasm of the state is interceded. The most clear of a nation’s want is creating military and innovation. The atomic arm race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War is a noteworthy model. Nuclear bomb was imagined around then which brought an enormous danger towards world harmony. Pragmatists likewise advocate realpolitik, making sure about their own country’s enthusiasm before care about others’ government assistance (Rourke 2007: 21). This shows pragmatists are thoroughly state-focused and will in general seek after personal circumstance. Then again, Liberals isn't statism as Realists do. Dissidents keep up great administration among individuals and state. Progressivism focuses on the significance of independence and freedom of human (Sr and Teresa 2013: 18). Nonconformists favor esteems like political and common freedoms, toleration and equity. Thus, Liberals underscore more on non-state entertainers, for example, global partnerships like the International Media and non-administrative associations like the Red Cross and the Green Peace. As the Liberals advocate universal participation, they focus on other countries’ rights and intrigue. The International Monetary Fund advances organized commerce and upgrades the government assistance among states. It is additionally capable in lessening neediness by sponsoring to individuals who experience issues in economy. To put it plainly, from the delineation above, it is show that Realism is state-focused while Liberalism centers both state and other non-state factors. The Ways to see harmony Thirdly, the approaches to see harmony among Realism and Liberalism differs. Pragmatists think the most ideal approach to look for harmony is to have level of influence. During the virus war, the two super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union were in bipolar framework which was increasingly serene. It was a result of the control of the two super powers, making limitations for the minor forces become solid, clashes were then diminished. The pragmatists see power is a vital component. The most ideal approach to keep up harmony is to beâ powerful (Rourke 2007: 22). Getting amazing, the national security can be upgraded, and accordingly this will decrease the opportunity from assault. China these days is getting ground-breaking in each angle after the Reform and Opening-up Policy in 1978. She attempts to fortify herself with both hard and delicate force so as to maintain a strategic distance from the intrusion of different nations. She even got one of the individuals in the Wo rld Trade Organization in 2001. Plus, Realists accept each state is capable to their own endurance. Be that as it may, a few pundits even contend that pragmatists will once in a while characterize harmony. They might want to characterize harmony as the nonappearance of sorted out savagery (Mapel 1996: 57). From the Liberals perspective, there are more approaches to see harmony. Dissidents are selflessness which they accentuation on collaboration. So as to keep up world harmony, numerous universal associations are built to chip away at it. For example, the United Nations might want to put an end on the infringement of human privileges of the states. Aside from this, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the military union, held a Science for Peace and Security program in 2006 which planned to advance harmony and bolster common science collaboration and development. Worldwide associations acquired commitments keeping up world harmony. Likewise, the Amnesty International, one of the non-legislative associations, expected to forestall maltreatment of human rights and battle for equity for the individuals who have been abused. Progressivism likewise brings the possibility of majority rule harmony. Dissidents relinquish wars against liberal majority rules systems, yet now and then don't stop the war inside close-minded states (Owen 1994: 93). They see narrow-minded states here and there risky and unenlightened accordingly they got no resilience in them (Owen 1994: 96). As I would like to think, there are very numerous fruitful models for Liberals in advancing harmony, yet, their perspectives toward harmony are very emotional, which carries constraints and escape clauses to keep up harmony later on. When all is said in done, by the above correlations with solid models, it is obviously indicated that there is a colossal contrast between the manners in which Realists and Liberals see harmony. End Taking everything into account, to enormous degree I imagine that Realism and Liberalism unique in relation to one another. The main similitude is that them two accept that the disorder nature is leaderless on the planet framework. The distinctions betweenâ them are verbalizes with models in different perspectives. For the view towards human instinct, Realists have confidence in detestable human instinct while Liberals put stock in great ones. For the understanding on ‘state’, Realists is state-focused, however Liberalists likewise center around other non-state on-screen characters. For the manners in which they see harmony, Realists promoter to have level of influence while Liberals improves participation between country states. It can't be denied that Realism and Liberalism are two exceptionally particular belief systems. From my perspective, these two ideas along with neorealism and neoliberalism will even now assume significant jobs later on for the International Relations. So as to make sure about the world harmony in a manageable manner, I figure the belief systems should exist together and find some kind of harmony rather than just permitting one hypothesis overwhelming the worldwide world. Catalog Adem, S. (2002) Anarchy, Order and Power in World Politics, Ashgate, Hampshire Craftsmanship, R. what's more, R. Jervis (2012) (eds.) Inter

Skills Required For Effective Management

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Manufacture AND EXERT PROFESSIONAL REPUTATION: Administrators should concentrate on the best way to construct and apply their expert notoriety. A supervisors task is to defeated difficulties and settle authoritative clashes. His essential work is to deal with the indeterminacy in ventures, manufacture a steady undertaking group, comprehend and forestall the issues that can disintegrate the group execution, and last however not the least increment the dedication level inside groups. Screen AND CONTROL: Worker execution ought to be observed in a powerful manner. Authoritative arrangements and methodology ought to be clear. It is critical to examine and counsel the issues all the time. This encourages the administrators to recognize where association is inadequate. Surveying and assessing the presentation in various manners and prize your workers is significant, in light of the fact that the intensity of a prize is the most ideal approach to rouse representatives. Associations ought to be clear in characterizing continuous objectives to the group and person. Preparing AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS: Organize a profession advancement program for workers for future upgrade. The principal movement is to recognize the particular occupation execution abilities required in your association, assess the thought about students aptitudes, and create focuses to accomplish, quantifiable information and execution goals dependent on any scarcity in the association. In the subsequent movement, instructive plan, you choose, gather and develop the preparation program content including exercise manuals, activities and exercises which offers enthusiasm to the students towards their work. The third movement is to make prove ventures, in which you ensure that your bugs are worked out of the preparation program by exhibiting it to a little suggestive crowd. The fourth movement is to execute the program by really preparing the focused on worker gathering. The fifth movement is an assessment, where the board surveys the projects triumphs or disappointments. Set up WORKING KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE: Great pioneers consistently have solid information and experience who includes the expansions in various regions and better work on the deficiency. In the event that the pioneer doesn't hold onto the expertness and information by and by, at that point it wins discussion with specialists working in the office ought to be held. This is a critical to keep up the exactness and the scarcity in the association. Great DECISION MAKING: Great pioneers utilize their capacity and past encounters to use sound judgment. A pioneer assigns all the conflicting elements before settling on any choice. Prominent firm choices, joined with the consistence and adaptability to blend and accommodate choices when fundamental, and create trust in initiative. The Personal and Professional Skills Required For Your Job Role Essential UNDERSTANDING AND SKILLS ABOUT: Understanding your qualities and effectuate your latent capacity is the essential method to see the amount you are energetic about learning new things and how to move towards development and investigate the territories strongly in which you are intrigued. Acknowledge what you are passing on to individuals and in what way. This is seen by a celebrated creator (Robert Greene, 1998) when you attempt to intrigue individuals by words ,the more you state, the more typical you show up ,and less in assurance consequently influential individuals dazzle by saying less, and they maintain a strategic distance from to talk unnecessarily. Introduction SKILLS: Speak your powers and vitality by keeping them aggregated at their most grounded point. Acing your introduction aptitudes and develop your trust so as to acquire rich mine and mining it underground, at that point by fluttering starting with one ingest mine then onto the next force routs broad unfailingly .When you are searching for wellsprings of influence to assess yourself, locate the one key supporter, the fat cow who will give you milk for quite a while to come. Choosing the most ideal approach to pass on your message with no equivocalness in the material you are introducing. Coordinating your introduction style to crowd needs and state of mind. Group BUILDING: Think as you like however carry on like others. Association is as of now realized how to accomplish its objective by powerful group works which a few associations demonstrate group as (Together Everyone Achieve More) which make more enthusiasm and obsessive inclination towards their work. SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING ANS SELF MANAGEMENT: Make ground-breaking objective so as to vindicate the core interest. Gain proficiency with the privileged insights of beneficial unwinding. Calendar your time adequately and ace the craft of timing .Never appear to be in rush, hustling for the most part double-crosses an absence of power over yourself and after some time. Continuously appear to be persistent, as though you realize that everything will come to you in the long run. Figure out how to remain back when the time isn't yet ready, and to strike angrily when it has reached to satisfaction. Arrange, LEAD AND COORDINATE ACTIVITIES IN AN ORGANIZATION: Develop an individual achievement and your association achievement methodology by mapping up and assessing circumstances. Distinguish your drawn out objectives and choices; attempt to accomplish offset with the wheel of life. Control your workplace so as to lead and arrange your hierarchical condition as needs be so you can compose your stuff in a proficient and in progressively profitable way. TRUST YOUR OWN ABILITY TO MANAGE: Assess your fitness, style and potential development territories where you would be a multi skilled administrator or a pioneer for an extraordinary model for your representatives so this is another approach to hold your workers and increment their responsibility level of work. Confide in yourself to use sound judgment. Estimation OF LESSON LEARNED: Understanding that in learning you dont consistently get what you pay for, however you get out what you put in. Guide consistently oversees students learning superior to the students themselves. On the off chance that you have a feeling of experience whatever you have learned up till now and attempt better approaches for getting things done. The characterization of the above aptitudes and movement contributes a successful method to achieve association and individual objectives and destinations through which an individual and the association gain proficiency with the specialty of regulating representatives at work place , and make persuading techniques to achieve hierarchical and individual objectives and conquer difficulties. Supervisors know where the hazard is and how to construct proficient conspicuousness. Capture the issues spring up in the association and manage the contentions. So as to adjust work, life and family the individual should realize how to screen and control by examining on the customary premise and locate the lacking regions and indiscretion. By considering the correct activity fit posing the correct inquiries, the perfect individual, and the correct structure that attempts to accommodate your way of life. Build the preparation program content which encourages you to achieve your objectives. Direct assessment meeting by conversing with your present representatives and students who continue gaining from them and see yourself as to deal with their thoughts. Prominent firm choices, joined with the consistence and adaptability to fit and accommodate choices when fundamental, create trust in authority. drawing on models from your own administration experience, select three individual abilities and three expert aptitudes, and compose an intelligent assessment of how you have applied these in various administration circumstances, distinguishing any self-improvement gives that were raised Individual SKILLS SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING ANS SELF MANAGEMENT: I have figured out how to assemble certified and attractive certainty when I neglected to perceive the significance of time, fixation, persistency, resistance level and absence of mindfulness in view of less consideration towards my work. So my exercise of disappointments has shown me how to lead and how to regard it as a brilliant learning experience. TRUST YOUR OWN ABILITY TO MANAGE EMOTIONAL STABILITY: Passionate security assumes a significant job in everyones life .I recall when I used to be irate one in loved ones too, where my resistance level was at the low pinnacle season, yet subsequent to understanding that season I began acknowledging where I am driving, clearly it was an inappropriate way, so I began to peruse outrage the executives and feelings the executives articles and attempted to actualize in each part of my life where I am dangle down the most significant stuff. Proficient SKILLS Great DECISION MAKING: Great organizations consistently know whether administrators are prepared and accused of duty regarding the accomplishment of the reports, departmental and hierarchical execution will deal with itself. Great pioneers are depicted by the capacity and past experience to use sound judgment. An individual who is exceptionally committed to his work assigns all the conflicting variables before settling on any choice, and orchestrates and accommodates choices when vital, create trust in himself. Responsibility TO GROWTH: At the point when the administrator is socially savvy to the representatives the responsibility towards work will increment and turnover rate will diminish in the association which is reviewed in 2008 in various organizations and the best organizations take to meet the objective of advancing workers encounters, abilities and capacities. Notwithstanding the strategic vision of the c

Common Questions - September Edition - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Common Questions - September Edition - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Common Questions September Edition Below are some of the questions that we have been getting on the phones, by email and on the blog lately: I applied as a transfer student for Spring, when will I have a decision?We cannot guess when an applicant will have a decision as this depends on many factors. We generally process transfer applications based on when the file is complete. Your file is complete when we receive all required material for your application, not when you apply. In addition, if you have attended non-Georgia colleges or colleges that we have not had a student apply from, please be patient as these files are more complicated and require a more detailed review. Should I apply Early Action or Regular Decision? One option is not better than the other and we cannot tell a student which decision plan he or she should choose. I would suggest reading this blog post for guidance in making your choice,http://ugaadmissions.blogspot.com/p/early-action-vs-reg-decision.html. How many science courses does a First Year applicant have to have? The University System of Georgia has minimum unit requirements in each academic subject area, including 4 units in science. You may view all academic unit requirements on the USGs Staying on Course worksheet. In-state students attending public schools in GA should not have to worry about meeting these requirements. Out-of-state students, we are able to be flexible and we can look at 8th grade science. How do I submit my counselor/high school evaluation? Before submitting supplemental forms, you should submit your First Year application (with the exception of test scores which are received/stored electronically). When you have completed your application you will have the opportunity to submit your counselors email address from your myStatus page. This will generate an email alerting your counselor that a high school evaluation is needed. The email will include a link to complete the online form. Once the online evaluation has been submitted, it typically will show up on your myStatus page as received within two business days. If your counselor needs a pin number for the online portal, please have them contact our office. How do I self-report my grades? First, get a copy of your transcript to have with you while you fill out the application. If you do not have a copy of your transcript in front of you as you are completing the self-reported grades, you will likely make mistakes. Next, read this previous post which will walk you through the process, http://ugaadmissions.blogspot.com/2011/09/self-reported-grades-walk-through.html . If I am applying as a First Year student, what is the last test date you will accept? For Early Action, we will accept SAT/ACT scores from all test dates that occur by the application deadline (October 15). For Regular Decision applicants, we can accept the January SAT and December ACT. Be sure that you designate UGA as an automatic recipient for your scores to ensure that we receive them in time! I mailed my (transcript, evaluation, etc.) to your office, why is it not showing on myStatus? This is not aninstantaneousprocess. We must receive the document, scan it into our imaging system, and then match it to an applicants file. If you submitted a document prior to submitting your application, it will take a bit longer as your admissions file is not created until you apply. If you are submitting documents close to an application deadline, it will take longer for us to match your document as the volume of mail we receive increases greatly closer to deadlines. Have a great weekend, Go Dawgs!

Southwestern University - Traffic Problem - 1595 Words

I. Company Background Southwestern University (SWU) is located in Stephenville, Texas. They have recently hired a new well-known football coach and because of this, they are expecting an increase in their fan base for this sport. Their season ticket sales have gone up, meaning more revenues, however, this also means increase in customer complaints due to traffic problems whenever there’s a game. Dr. Marty Starr, SWU’s president, has asked University Planning Committee to see how they can solve this problem. Based on traffic projections, Dr. Starr would like to have sufficient capacity so that 35,000 cars per hour can be accommodated to travel from the newly-built stadium to the interstate highway. Anticipating this problem, some of†¦show more content†¦(See Appendix A for QM Solution) B. Iterations in New Maximal Flow by Widening Road Capacity Considering the results of the current road infrastructure capacity of 28,000, road-widening efforts should be undertaken by the City Manager. 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Mass Media s Influence On Body Image - 1414 Words

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How Women Can Lose Weight - 1689 Words

Written on the front page of the September 21st issue, is a supposed guarantee for the perfect body in two months. I can’t help but look at the covers of magazines while I wait for the cashier at CVS to finish scanning my items. The covers are plastered with article titles on how women can lose weight, and how that will make their boyfriend, fiancà ©, or husband love them that much more. I try not to let it get to me, but seeing those women on the covers of magazines makes me feel self conscious. How do they do it, and why can’t I look like that? I wish I could have that Victoria’s Secret body that guys love and every girl wishes she had. I sigh and grab my plastic bag from the countertop and head out the door. . . . . . . . . Dad bods are so in. Its all over social media, pictures of men galloping on the beach with less than toned abs. People love the trend of dad bods because it’s funny and the men in these pictures are put on a pedestal by reporters and article writers for going out in not the most in shape bodies. After eating a sandwich, two slices of pizza, a side of fries, plate of what they call salad, and a bowl of ice cream my friends are finally done with lunch and I’m astonished. I ask my MALE friends: â€Å"How can you guys eat all of that and not feel bad about the weight you re going to gain?† â€Å"C’mon you know I’m going for that dad bod girl.† â€Å"You don t care about gaining weight.† â€Å"No why would I?† I thought his was weird because I rarely ever eat a plate ofShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1150 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluential role in the lives of many women. Eating disorders are abnormal and serious disturbances in one s eating habits caused by many factors. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two well-known eating disorders. The causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are difficult to understand but there are a lot of factors that play a role in the development of them. Females are more likely to develop an eating disorder and heightened concern about weight than males. One of the reasons why isRead MoreIs It Your Way At Burger King?1469 Words   |  6 Pagesagree with this statement, I believe that this constant pressure people are put under by society to lose weight and lose it fast, is not only a ridiculous request, but it can be detrimental to someone’s health to suggest they come to Ihop hungry, and leave still hungry, a nd when so many women are willing to risk their health to have the body that society deems acceptable shows that most if not all women have been taught to hate themselves for not having the â€Å"perfect† body. When it comes to body imageRead MoreSocial Media For Health, Fitness And Beauty Tips1153 Words   |  5 Pagesknow that 68% of women in the United States use social media for health, fitness and beauty tips (Cohen)? Many women of all ages are dealing with the pressure that social media can put on them to have the â€Å"perfect† body. There are many different ways of dealing with this issue, that include positive and negative outcomes when dealing with this problem (Reed). Also, just like every story there is two different sides to this issue. Social media has been putting too much pressure on women to have â€Å"perfect†Read MoreEssay on The Unrealistic Concepts of Female Beauty858 Words   |  4 PagesBeauty is in the eye of the beholder. In the eyes of society, women like Pamela Anderson, Tyra Banks and Carmen Electra are the epitome of perfection. What girl would not want to look like them? Unfortunately, a number of girls want to be just like them. 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With the many weight control programs onRead MoreThe Guaranteed Best Weight Loss Program Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesBest Weight Loss Program By Jared T Meacham | Submitted On June 15, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments 1 Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious 1 Share this article on Digg 1 Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Jared T Meacham If you want to lose weight, selecting the right weight lossRead MoreFight Obesity With Diet and Exercise Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagesmultiple ways to lose weight and to keep it off. Several factors cause people to become obese. One reason is that obesity is hereditary both by genes and shared diet and lifestyle habits. Emotions also contribute for people being overweight. We overeat because of anger, boredom, depression, loneliness, and several other emotional reasons. The people in our environment play an important role, inspiring our eating habits and activity level. Men tend to have more muscle mass than women, and because muscleRead More The Medias Influence on Eating Disorders Essay example1100 Words   |  5 PagesBehaviors, Weight Perceptions, and Life Satisfaction Among Public High School Adolescents are all articles that evaluate how the media may cause adolescent girls to develop eating disorders. 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Women are dictated by their fathers, or controlling men of the society, and punished for being obese or not what the men perceive as perfect. It brings the reader into a futurist world which has some of the same twisted ideas of the modern world. It enlarges the idea that bigger women are unwanted and sexualizes thin women in advertisements and in casual conversation. This is can be seen throughout multiple panels of the comic. The comic is repetitively sexualizing the thin women and shamming

Why The Crucible Remains Important Today Essay Example For Students

Why The Crucible Remains Important Today Essay Why The Crucible Remains Important TodayFor a story of any kind to have any relevance or meaning some 50 years after being written and indeed almost 400 years after it was set, it needs to contain themes and ideas that have been uniformly felt and experienced by people from all walks of life as well as continuing to speak to and have meaning to new and changed generations of people. Years after being written, Arthur Millers The Crucible, still successfully speaks to numerous generations of people, that although live in different countries, under different governments and belong to different peer groups, experience the same issues that the characters of The Crucible experienced as well as the same issues that were experienced by Arthur Miller at the time of writing. The Crucible effectively addresses not only the issue of conformity found in all social groups, it illustrates the remarkable amount of power a select group of people may possess, purely because it is they who are entitled to interpret the various law and morals by which people live as well as the numerous injustices that continue to torment mankind. A strong theme in The Crucible, conformity is an idea or even an issue that has been present and has plagued mankind for generations. The indisputable need to conform to the Churchs view and those of its ministers is gravely evident in The Crucible and causes much personal conflict in the plays characters. The group of accused charac-ters must either turn their backs on their beliefs and morals and lie by admitting to having trafficked with the devil, thereby conforming to the Churchs desires. Their only other option is to follow their beliefs and morals by refusing to lie which quite possibly could result in death by hanging. This kind of pressure has plagued cultures everywhere for almost all of time and it begs the question: Is a person bad if they do not live by the rules of the Church, their government or their social group and if so should they be prosecuted for their own interpretations of these rules? People under-stand now more than ever, that if they decide to deviate from what is considered to be socially normal, they will be labeled and in many cases cast out or excommunicated from the society from which they originate. The Crucible not only addresses the issue of conformity, it attacks the poor balance of power that surrounds us everyday. Miller demonstrates how much power a sole in-dividual can have when the decisions made by that person effect a whole community. During the Witchcraft Trials in Salem, religion was, much more than now the answer to the unknown and the unexplained. As a result, the Church and the people in its service were people of prominence and power. They were the only people who could successfully interpret the Churchs doctrine, often to their own benefit, without being accused of a wrong doing and what could be more powerful than this in a theocratic society like Salem? This corrupt hierarchy meant that nobody could question a priest or minister because doing so would be considered questioning God. As a result, a per-son of such power could say almost anything they pleased, people would listen and appropriate action taken. This is evidenced with the supposed cleansing of Salem . Although an event that occurred before the writing of The Crucible, the Holocaust is a prime example of imbalanced power. Hitler, a man of great power, especially in Nazi Germany, basically accused a few million people of being witches. Action was taken and millions perished all because people conformed to what was considered so-cially normal and deviation offered grave consequences. .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 , .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .postImageUrl , .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 , .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95:hover , .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95:visited , .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95:active { border:0!important; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95:active , .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95 .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf718bb51f65825aefc7f7b612881c95:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Observation Report of A Child At Elementary School EssayWhile the Church and its clergy are no longer as powerful as they were in the past, primarily because people can now openly admit to not believing in God without the fear of being hung, there is a new group of people that are able to decide what is fact and what is fiction. Science could be considered the new religion and scientists, the new priests and ministers. Scientists are considered to be educated at a higher level than the rest of the population and so in large they are not questioned. This is the same kind of reliance that people had on the Church up until recently. As history has shown us, the types of injustices suffered by those accused in the Sa-lem Witch Trials continue to go on. We see parallels between the Salem Witch Trials and other issues even today, such as the drama that is the Schaepel Corby case. Was she a planned and predetermined scapegoat incase the narcotics were discovered or is she indeed a drug trafficker? The truth remains to be seen regarding her case, although there is a chance that, like countless other people before she has been wrongfully ac-cused and mistreated. The Crucible addresses the idea of a select group of people choosing another group to act as a scapegoat to supposed problem. Arthur Millers The Crucible addresses issues which are as important and relevant today as they were 50 years ago when the play was written. The idea of conforming to a social norm is one that people have faced throughout time and will undoubtedly con-tinue to do so regardless of geographical, economic and social factors. People in posi-tions of power continue to influence the ideas and beliefs by which we live and for as long as society empowers them, they will continue to exist. So will the scapegoating of individuals and groups in order to benefit anothers problem or cause. The Cruci-ble is a play that has an immense impact due to its ability to touch and dissect issues and themes that have plagued mankind throughout history. Many of these issues are relevant in the 21st century and will no doubt continue to affect mankind into the fore-seeable future.

Online Classes vs. traditional classes

Introduction Modern technology has infiltrated the education sector and as a result, many college students now prefer taking online classes, as opposed to attending the traditional regular classes. This is because online classes are convenient for such students, and more so for those who have to both work and attend classes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes vs. traditional classes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, online learning gives them the flexibility that they needed. In addition, online learning also gives an opportunity to students and professionals who would not have otherwise gone back to school to get the necessary qualifications. However, students who have enrolled for online learning do not benefit from the one-on-one interaction with their peers and teachers. The essay shall endeavor to examine the differences between online classes and the traditional classes, with a preferenc e for the later. Differences between online classes and traditional classes Online classes mainly take place through the internet. As such, online classes lack the regular student teacher interaction that is common with traditional learning. On the other hand, learning in traditional classes involves direct interaction between the student and the instructors (Donovan, Mader and Shinsky 286). This is beneficial to both the leaner and the instructors because both can be bale to establish a bond. In addition, student attending the traditional classroom often have to adhere to strict guidelines that have been established by the learning institution. As such, students have to adhere to the established time schedules. On the other hand, students attending online classes can learn at their own time and pace. One advantage of the traditional classes over online classes is that students who are not disciplined enough may not be able to sail through successfully because there is nobody to pus h them around. With traditional classes however, there are rules to put them in check. As such, students attending traditional classes are more likely to be committed to their education (Donovan et al 286). Another advantage of the traditional classes is all the doubts that students might be having regarding a given course content can be cleared by the instructor on the spot, unlike online learning whereby such explanations might not be as coherent as the student would have wished. With the traditional classes, students are rarely provided with the course materials by their instructors, and they are therefore expected to take their own notes. This is important because they are likely to preserve such note and use them later on in their studies. In contrast, online students are provided with course materials in the form of video or audio texts (Sorenson and Johnson 116).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They can also download such course materials online. Such learning materials can be deleted or lost easily compared with handwritten class notes, and this is a risk. Although the basic requirements for a student attending online classes are comparatively les in comparison to students attending traditional classes, nonetheless, it is important to note that online students are also expected to be internet savvy because all learning takes place online. This would be a disadvantage for the regular student; only that internet savvy is not a requirement. Students undertaking online learning are likely to be withdrawn because they hardly interact one-on-one with their fellow online students or even their instructors. The only form of interaction is online. As such, it becomes hard for them to develop a special bond with other students and instructors. With traditional learning however, students have the freedom to interact freely and this helps to strengthen their existin g bond. Conclusion Online learning is convenient and has less basic requirements compared with traditional learning. It also allows learners who would have ordinarily not gone back to school to access an education. However, online students do not benefit from a close interaction with their peers and instructors as do their regular counterparts. Also, regular students can engage their instructors more easily and relatively faster in case they want to have certain sections of the course explained, unlike online students. Works Cited Donovan, Judy, Mader, Cynthia and Shinsky, John. Constructive student feedback: Online vs. traditional course evaluations. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 5.3(2006): 284-292 Sorenson, Lynn, and Johnson, Trav. Online Student Ratings of Instructions. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2003. Print. This essay on Online Classes vs. traditional classes was written and submitted by user Enzo O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

National Negro Convention Movement

National Negro Convention Movement Background In the early months of 1830, a young freed man from Baltimore named Hezekiel Grice was not satisfied with life in the North because of the hopelessness of contending against oppression in the United States. Grice wrote to a number of African-American leaders asking if freedmen should emigrate to Canada and, if a convention could be held to discuss the issue. By September 15, 1830 the first National Negro Convention was held in Philadelphia. The First Meeting An estimated forty African-Americans from nine states attended the convention. Of all the delegates present, only two, Elizabeth Armstrong and Rachel Cliff, were women. Leaders such as Bishop Richard Allen were also present. During the convention meeting, Allen argued against African colonization but supported emigration to Canada. He also contended that, However great the debt which these United States may owe to injured Africa, and however unjustly her sons have been made to bleed, and her daughters to drink of the cup of affliction, still we who have been born and nurtured on this soil, we whose habits, manners, and customs are the same in common with other Americans, can never consent to take our lives in our hands, and be the bearers of the redress offered by that Society to that much afflicted country. By the end of the ten-day meeting, Allen was named president of a new organization, the American Society of Free People of Colour for improving their condition in the United States; for purchasing lands; and for the establishment of a settlement in the Province of Canada. The aim of this organization was two-fold:   First, it was to encourage African-Americans with children to move to Canada. Second, the organization wanted   to improve the livelihood of African-Americans remaining in the United States.   As a result of the meeting, African-American leaders from the   Midwest organized to protest not only against slavery, but also racial discrimination. Historian Emma Lapansky argues that this first convention was quite significant, citing, The 1830 convention was the first time that a group of people got together and said, Okay, who are we? What will we call ourselves? And once we call ourselves something, what will we do about what we call ourselves? And they said, Well, were going to call ourselves Americans. Were going to start a newspaper. Were going to start a free produce movement. Were going to organize ourselves to go to Canada if we have to. They began to have an agenda. Subsequent Years During the first ten years of the convention meetings,   African-American and white abolitionists were collaborating to find effective ways to deal with racism and oppression in American society. However, it should be noted the the convention movement was symbolic to freed African-Americans and marked the significant growth in black activism during the 19th century. By the 1840s, African-American activists were at a crossroads. While some were content with the moral suasion philosophy of abolitionism, others believed this school of thought was not heavily influencing supporters of the slave system to change their practices. At the 1841 convention meeting, conflict was growing among attendeesshould abolitionists believe in moral suasion or moral suasion followed by political action.  Many, such as Frederick Douglass believed that moral suasion must be followed by political action. As a result, Douglass and others became followers of the Liberty Party. With the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, convention members agreed that the United States would not be morally persuaded to give African-Americans justice. This period of the convention meetings can be marked by participants arguing that the elevation of the free man is inseparable (sic) from, and lies at the very threshold of the great work of the slaves restoration to freedom. To that end, many delegates argued over voluntary emigration to not only Canada, but also Liberia and the Caribbean instead of solidifying an African-American sociopolitical movement in the United States. Although varied philosophies were forming at these convention meetings, the purposeto build a voice for African-Americans on the local, state and national level, was important. As one newspaper noted in 1859, colored conventions are almost as frequent as church meetings. End of an Era The last convention movement was held in Syracuse, NY in 1864. Delegates and leaders felt that with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment that African-Americans would be able to participate in the political process.

Technology in our Lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology in our Lives - Essay Example However I still believe that technology has a big impact on our lives nowadays. The newer generations can’t think about living without technology. Ask a teenager what their most prized possessions are and you will come up with answers such as laptop, iPod, digital camera, PlayStation and many more such technological devices that have taken the world by storm and have become a necessary part of many people’s lives. Many of the technological inventions such as cars, airplanes and bullet trains have made transportation easier. Gone are the days when people commonly used horses and camels as modes of transportation. With the invention of modern modes of travel it is possible to reach far off places in a very short time. Most of us use these modes while travelling to work or school. A person travelling on a horse to go to their office is a rare sight now thanks to technology as people prefer faster modes of travel. With technological advancements came the inventions such as television, cell phones, and internet. All these inventions have led to the world becoming a global village. With their help we can communicate over long distances and know what is happening anywhere in the world just by clicking a button. Technology has even led to advancements in medicine. With the help of technology new medicines are being developed that can cure many diseases. As a result many lives can be saved. Electricity is another invention without which we cannot dream to live now. Imagine if there is no electricity the country. There is a total blackout. The world will come to a halt. Most of people’s work requires electricity. Be it as simple as for running the AC or as complex as running a power plant both require electricity to function. I believe that now it is impossible to live without technology. We are so dependent on some of the technology that we use today that it

EU LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EU LAW - Essay Example We will begin with a concise yet comprehensive overview of the European Union and will thoroughly address the evolution of the EU following the collapse of state-led communism in Eastern Europe. The European Union has undergone a variety of changes in the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union including expansion to the east through the Maastricht Treaty and proposed institutional change through the Treaty of Lisbon. Although it has not always been the case, modern-day Europe is characterized by a unifying democratic political culture. While the concept of democracy originated on its shores, the philosophy of democratic governance was challenged in 20th century Europe by authoritarian political movements, including fascism (expressed by Nazi Germany & Mussolini’s Italy), and communism (as exemplified in Eastern Europe during the Cold War). With Allied victory in World War II and the recent collapse of the Soviet Union, democracy – in varying degrees– is now a universal trend amongst European states. In fact liberal democracy, best expressed by the states of Western Europe with entrenched democratic traditions, is quickly becoming the standard for the continent. Democratic norms and rules have subsequently been established through a pan-European legal framework (see Almond et al 2002). Promoting widespread reform to the existing institutions of the European Union, the Treaty of Lisbon is an international multilateral agreement which would fundamentally alter the institutions and composition of this organization. Accordingly, Lisbon would supersede prior agreements enacted by this multinational organization and a represent significant institutional change to the EU. Seeped in controversy, the Treaty of Lisbon has yet to be ratified by all member states and thus remains on the backburner for most countries of the European Union. Accordingly, the countries which comprise the European Union have embraced

Summary of Critical Theory

Summary of Critical Theory The Central Claims of Critical Theory In order to understand the central claims of Critical Theory, it must first be defined. What is Critical Theory? Critical Theory first coined as such in 1937 is a name given to a series of new approaches to the study of culture, literature and thought that developed during the 1960’s primarily in France (Leitch, 2001). It refers to a series of pathways for intellectual inquiry that first emerged with the end of the 18th century European Enlightenment (mid 1600’s to late 1700’s) (Nowlan, 2001) in which the causes associated with it were legal equality, the right of ordinary Europeans to hold their rulers to account, the rule of law, transparent government, freedom of expression, the right of nations to self-determination and to freedom from colonial domination – and they are as relevant today as they were two hundred years ago (Glendening, 2003). Critical theory questions and challenges that which seems obvious, natural and simple in the world around us â⠂¬â€œ the conviction that what is, or what is in the process of becoming, or what appears to be, or what is most commonly understood to be, or necessary and inevitable – it does not accept any of this (Nowlan). The Frankfort School is the name given to a group of German Jewish intellectuals associated with the Institute for Social Research (Institut fur Sozialforschung) founded in 1923. Their work was an attempt to integrate psychoanalytic insights and the domain of culture into a Marxist analysis of twentieth century societies. The group composite was that of thinkers such as Horkheimer, Adorno and Marcuse (Agger, 1993). According to these theorists a â€Å"critical† theory may be distinguished from a â€Å"traditional† theory according to a specific practical purpose: a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, â€Å"to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them† (Horkheimer, 1982, 244). Theories aim to explain and transform circumstances; critical theories provide the descriptive and normative bases for social inquiry aimed at decreasing domination and increasing freedom in their forms. A clarification is given to what is not clearly understood or is questionable. Theories arise in many ranges – anthropology, film, religion, linguistics and political science – and even family lifestyle. Critical theory is not a system, nor it is reducible to any fixed set of proscriptions (Bronner, 2002). Today, social theory is in crisis because of growing dissatisfaction with the dominant methodologies and conceptions of social theory and research. The 1960’s is when Stephen Eric Bronner became interested in critical theory as new theoretical paradigms emerged that questioned prevailing quantitative, empiricist, and positivist conceptions of social theory. But where did the central claim of critical theory begin? Since the Frankfort School was the first Marxist-oriented research center affiliated with a major German university directed by Carl Grunberg, it tended to be empirical, historical, and oriented toward problems of the European working class movement. Works by Karl Korsch, Georg Lukacs and others also had works published in its journal Archiv fur die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung. Grunberg retired in 1930 and Max Horkheimer became the director. Under Horkheimer, the Institute sought to develop an interdisciplinary social theory which could serve as an instrument of social transformation publishing a journal Zeitschrift fur Sozialforschung (1932-1941) that contained a wholesome collection of articles and book reviews. These compilations detailed social theory and defined any misconceptions of their meaning. Horkheimer, upon assuming his position as Director, delivered an inaugural address on January 24, 1931, entitled â€Å"The State of Social Philosophy and the Tasks of an Institute for Social Research (Bronner and Keller 1989: 25-36). Within the contents of the text, he defines social philosophy as an attempt to elucidate the â€Å"fate of human beings, insofar as they are parts of state, law, economy, religion, in short, with the entire material and spiritual culture of humanity. He criticizes Kant for grounding social philosophy in the experience and faculties of the particular individual (Ibid: 33) and praises Hegel’s theory as an improvement but yet questions speculative metaphysics and their tendencies to celebrate a higher transcendental sphere of Being and meaning over concrete existence. (ibid:38-39). Horkheimer continued to defend the importance for critical social theory and envisaged a program of supra-disciplinary research which would investigate current social an d political problems. Philosophers, sociologists, economists, historians, and psychologists would be united in and ongoing research community who would do together what in other disciplines one individual does alone in a laboratory, which is what genuine scientists have always done: namely to pursue the great philosophical question using the most refined scientific methods; to reformulate and to make more precise the questions in the course of work as demanded by the object; and to develop new methods without losing sight of the universal (ibid:41). Hence we see the first steps toward the formation of critical theory in the making. It is impossible to characterize the â€Å"Frankfort School† as a whole since its work spanned several decades and involved a variety of thinkers who later engaged in sharp debates with each other. Rather, one should perceive various phases of Institute work: 1) the empirical-historical studies of the Grunberg era; 2) the attempts in the early to mid-1930’s to establish a materialist supra-disciplinary social theory under Horkheimer’s directorship; 3) the attempts to develop a critical theory of society during the exile period from about 1937 to the early 1940’s; 4) the dispersion of Institute members in the 1940’s and the new directions sketched out by Horkheimer and Adorno; 5) the return of the Institute to Germany and its work in Frankfurt during the 1950’s and 1960’s; 6) the development of critical theory in various directions by Fromm, Lowenthal, Marcuse, and others who remained in the U.S.; 7) the continuation of Institute projec ts and development of critical theory in Germany by Jurgen Habermas, Oskar Negt, Alfred Schmidt, and others in the 1970’s and 1980’s; and finally 8) contributions to critical theory by a variety of younger theorists and scholars currently active in Europe and the United States. Kellner believes that a crisis of critical theory emerged with its fragmentation after World War II. Social theory stopped developing despite some empirical research projects and sustained meta-theoretical analyses be certain of its members, especially Adorno (Kellner, 1989). He believes that critical theory provides the most advanced theoretical perspectives within contemporary social theory from the 1930’s through the early 1960’s; new socio-cultural developments since then have rendered obsolete some of its theses concerning on-dimensional society, the media, technology, and so on. In particular, critical theory has not continued to theorize new technologies, new developments in the media, changes in socialization practices, and new cultural developments. This is surprising as earlier contributions were precisely in these areas (Wiggershaus, 1986). Adorno did a great deal of work in social theory in the 1950’s and 1960’s, as well as turning out an incredible profusion of texts in the areas of literary criticism, cultural critique, philosophy, and aesthetics. His work turned from supra-disciplinary research to philosophical reflections (Kellner, 1989). Herbert Marcuse argued that Marxism had degenerated into a rigid orthodoxy and needed concrete experience to revivify the theory and that it neglected individual’s problems. He was concerned about individual liberation and well-being in addition to social transformation. The intentions of his writings were of great interest, yet many were unpublished and unknown (Kellner, 1984). The theory of hegemony by Antonio Gramsci reserves a place for the intellectuals in society. Men find themselves born in a process independent of their will, they cannot control it, they can seek only to understand it and guide their actions accordingly was noted to be economic determination by Marx. Gramsci was concerned to eradicate economic determinism to develop its explanatory power with respect to super-structural institutions. His holdings were that class struggle must always involve ideas and ideologies, ideas that would make the revolution and also that would prevent it. He stressed the role performed by human agency in historical change: economic crises by themselves would not subvert capitalism. He was more â€Å"dialectic† than â€Å"deterministic†: he tried to build a theory which recognized the autonomy, independence and importance of culture and ideology (Strinati, 1995). The works in the last decade relative to critical theory has followed Habermas in attempt to develop a more adequate philosophical aspect of critical theory (Heinemann, 1986). A deficit of social research and elaboration of new theoretical perspectives has come about with contributions from members of the postmodern camp who attempt to theorize the impact of new technologies, the media, and other socio-cultural developments (Kellner, 1988 and 1989). The focus on democracy as the location for cooperative, practical and transformative activity continues in the work of Jurgen Habermas, as does the attempt to determine the nature and limits of â€Å"real democracy† in complex pluralistic, and globalizing societies. Habermas’ work is concerned with rethinking the tradition of critical theory and German social philosophy. He has advanced that tradition in distinctive ways. His rationality consists not so much in the possession of knowledge and thus primarily concerned with the consistency and conten of one’s belief’s, but rather in â€Å"how speaking and acting subjects acquire and use knowledge† (Habermas, 1984). Rationality, freedom and justice are not just theoretical issues to be explored and debated. Habermas’ entire work aims to defend and continue the enlightenment project against the challenge of Weber’s instrumental rationality, Horkheimer and Adorno’s earlier critical t heory and Nietzscheanism in the forms of post-structuralism as presented by Foucault and Derrida and the postmodernism of Lyotard. The reconciliation of the competition of claims of the reason of the life and the world are contributions of Habermas to contemporary and social theory. His account and his answers are not complete, but raise questions without losing the hope of continued research (Rasmussen, 1990). People create conditions and deal with them. Their opinions influence the thoughts of others. In his theory, Habermas fails to incorporate or appreciate gender and racial inequality. Habermas’ calls for particular â€Å"reconstructive sciences,† whose aim it is to render theoretically explicit the intuitive, pre-theoretical know-how underlying such basic human competences as speaking and understanding, judging, and acting. It is not certain if Habrmas’ theories are built on a conception of the world in which essentialist characteristics (middle class, white, males, or class) dominate. Historically discourses of rationality and progress have sided with men over women (Stanley and Pateman, 1991). Certain valuable elements are cited of by Selya Benhabib (1986) that can provide basis for a wide-ranging normative critique of contemporary society. An excerpt from Critical Theory and Society: A Reader: â€Å"essay is a stylistic vehicle with its inherently unfinished quality is the logical form for generating anti-systemic claims and fostering the existence of reflexivity† perhaps best describes the logic that inspired Bronner and Kellner to publish this book. Within is a collection of seminal essays, many appearing in English for the first time, which provides an excellent overview of the critical theory developed by the Frankfurt School. An essay is a short work that treats of a topic from an author’s personal point of view, often taking into account subjective experiences and personal reflections upon them (Wikipedia). What better way can a criticism be announced than through an essay? Personal opinions are relished because they may have something within their contents that was not seen by others. In the essay Le Prix Du Progress by Max Horkheimer exemplifies the nature of discussions that were presented to the early theorists. A French physiologist, Pierre Flourens, was disenchanted with the use of chloroform. He states his belief, and cites his reasoning. The essay ends with Horkheimer’s comments. Somewhat in the form of an editorial for a newspaper, but yet an answer is given. A concern was presented – a problematic thought was answered. Another famous essay by Theodor Adorno elaborates on Culture Industry Reconsidered. In it Adorno explains the term culture industry, corrects inconsistencies from a prior publication and remarks on the term â€Å"mass culture† (from â€Å"The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Cuture† London: Routledge, 1991). In Critical Theory and Society: A Reader are included the works of Horheimer, Erich Fromm, Lowenthal, Pellock, Herbert Marcuse, to mention a few. The time realm of critical theory displays evidence that modern culture needs to redefine the conclusions of its predecessors. The understanding of theories, imply that they have to be updated continually to include new circumstances. Modernization has to be critiqued to include the changing of the times. We should be concerned with something other than uncovering the past. Instead we should reinvigorate the present, salvage the Enlightenment legacy, and contest those who would institutionally freeze its radicalism and strip away its protest character (Israel, 2001). The inclusion of the way people act and why they act can begin with critical theory of family. Family history provides an example of some of the theoretical deficiencies as in social scenes. The family is attacked and defended with equal vehemence. With a dominant empiricist tradition, historians have come to the field of family history without a clear sense of what the significant questions are. They have not self-consc iously theorized the family as a field of investigation. Instead they began by adopting the conventional wisdom of sociology which, goes back for Federic Le Play (L’Organisation de la famille selon le vrai modele signale par l’histoire de toutes les races et de tous les temps –Paris, 1871), and saw a broad change in the family from an extended form of the Middle Ages to a nuclear form of modernity (Shorter, 1975). From the family come the leaders of the world. Understanding distinct family structures enables an outline to the future tasks of its members. The tendency of Marxist social theorists is to view the family as a dependent variable, a secondary structure, unintelligible in its own right, which will change after the revolution. The family is an intelligible as a structure (Morgan, 1975) composed of race, religion, gender, which impose these factors towards their beliefs. From a â€Å"Gramscian† perspective the mass media have to be interpreted as an instrument to spread and reinforce dominant hegemony – or they can be used to spread counter-hegemonic ideas too. â€Å"Pop culture and the mass media are subject to the production, reproduction and transformation of hegemony through the institution of civil society which cover the areas of cultural production and consumption. Hegemony operates culturally and ideologically through the institutions of civil society which characterizes mature liberal-democratic, capitalist societies. These institutions include education, the family, the church, the mass media, popular culture, etc. (Strinati, 1995: 168-169). From Strinati’s point of view the main problem with Gramsci’s ideas is the same as the the Frankfurt School’s theories and Althusser’s work: their Marxist background. The framework does not allow history to contradict the theory, and the interpretation of reality becomes rather elementary. Critical Theory offers an approach to distinctly normative issues that cooperates with the social sciences in a nonproductive way. Its domain is inquiry into the normative dimension of social activity, in particular how actors employ their practical knowledge and normative attitudes from complex perspectives in various sorts of contexts. It also must consider social facts as problematic situations from the point of view of variously situated agents. In conclusion, Kellner feels that in order to find a way out of the contemporary crisis of social theory, it must develop new perspectives. Critical Theory should be responded to with theoretical analyses of developments within the capitalist economy and of changes in class stratification, the labor process, new technologies, the media, and politics. The central claims of critical theory should be emphasized by those who wish to revitalize it in an attempt to politicize it with new social movements and existing political struggles to buil d a better society. The development of both its â€Å"analysis of the present situation and a new politics is in order to become once again the cutting edge of radical social theory† (Kellner, 1989). Critical theory enables the development and refinement of the ability to engage in comments as critics, through movements encompassed around incomprehensible situations of society. All productive and concerned citizens should be the empowered critical agents that are able to question, challenge and contribute toward the progress of transformation of the prevailing status quo within the communities, societies, and cultures that are worked in to help maintain and reproduce every day. In relation citizens should not only be inescapably interested, but also vitally important as participants to opinionate on theory (Nowlan). BIBLIOGRAPHY Agger, Ben. 1993. The Discourse of Domination: From the Frankfurt School to Postmodernism. Northwestern University Press. January. Bronner, Stephen Eric. 2002. Critical Theory Its Theorists. Routledge Publishers: 2nd Edition. April. Bronner, Stephen Eric and Douglas Keller. 1989. Critical Theory and Society: A Reader. New York and London: Routledge. Glendening, Marc. 2003. Visions for a democratic Europe. Brussels, December 12. Habermas, J. 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. Volumes 1 and 2. Boston: Beacon Press. Heinemann, Benhabib, Seyla. 1986. Critique, Norm, and Utopia. New York: Columbia University Press. Horkheimer, M, 1982. Critical Theory. New York: Seabury Press. Israel, Jonathan. 2001. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and theMaking of Modernity 1650-1750. Oxford University Press. Kellner, Douglas. 1984. Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism. London and Berkeley: Macmillian and University of California Press. 1988. Postmodernism as Social Theory: Some Problems and Challenges,† Theory, Culture Society, Vol. 5: 240-269. 1989. Critical Theory, Marxism, and Modernity. Cambridge and Baltimore: Polity Press and John Hopkins University Press. Leitch, Vincent B. et al. (eds), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (New York/London: W.W. Norton, 2001. Morgan, D.H.J. Social Theory and the Family. London, 1975. Nowlan, Bob. Introduction: What Is Critical Theory and Why Study It? University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. September 21, 2001. Stanley, L and Pateman, C. 1991. Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity. Rasmussen, D. 1990. Reading Habermas. London: Blackwell. Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family. New York. 1975. Strinati, Dominic. 1995. An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. Rouyledge, London. Wiggershaus, Rolf. 1986. Die Frankfurter Schule. Munich: Hanser. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay

Sugar Sweet :: Papers

Sugar Sweet The sugar pulsed through her blood. She took another bite. The smooth, sweet chocolate fused into her body removing the pain. She could feel their stares. Burning through her as she ate. She seized the remainder of the chocolate and walked out. It was intolerable. Every time she ate she could feel those around her wishing to throw up. She could feel their whispers of disgust. As she was leaving the food court she felt a tap on her shoulder. She spun around, preparing herself for another snide remark about her size. "What?" she snapped. "You forgot this" the girl replied, her tight jeans accentuating her flawless figure. The girl handed the leaflet to her. "Looks like you might need it" With a snort of laughter she left and returned to her friends. She ran through the rest of the shopping centre. Past the countless shops, pictures of stick figure models stuck to their windows. Sitting under the stairs on the station she extracted the remnants of a family block of chocolate from her bag. She flicked through the leaflet "Lose weight now". She had never seen it before. She began sobbing. The train pulled out of the station. She remained sitting hidden under the steps. Consumed by distress the tall figure that slid up next to her went unnoticed. He lit a cigarette causing her to jump. "What's the problem, babe?" he said offering her a cigarette. "No thanks I don't smoke" she muttered, wiping away the tears. Suddenly conscious of her size she folder her arms across her stomach. "Hey I've seen you before" she sniffed, "You're Dads apprentice" "Yeah, that's me. Look, do you want a lift somewhere?" Face flushed, crying, she unlocked the front door and ran upstairs to her bedroom. She shouldn't have done it. His sweet charm had left her trapped in a car while he tried to come closer. "Give it ago, come on I promise it won't hurt". He had thrust two pills into her mouth.

360 Degree Feedback

Abstract As today’s businesses continue to expand, workers are expected to perform well on their jobs. This is what truly happened to management who has a tendency to measure how well they are doing on their job. The job done in a certain period of time is frequently evaluated by performance appraisal. Performance appraisals lead to enhancing employee’s performance, internal communication (relationship), and quality improvements as well. Some experts argue that formal performance appraisal is somewhat useless and many of them contemplate performance appraisals can be detrimental to quality improvement and convey some negative perceptions to the management (David Law, 2007). Albeit many professionals pointed out disadvantages associated with using performance appraisal, I contemplate that its benefits outweigh drawbacks. As such, a 360-degree feedback is one of the numerous examples of performance evaluation methods. Performance appraisals can be used to measure one’s job performance with feedback from subordinates, peers, and managers in the organization, so that everyone in the particular organization knows what and where he or she needs to improve. In addition, well-scheduled 360-degree feedbacks lead to positive changes in worker’s job satisfaction and enhance the company’s effort to attain its own interest. The stable encouragement of the effects of performance appraisal has a variety of short-term and long-term consequences including improved job performance, harmonious interpersonal relationships (superiors and subordinates), and as well as advanced quality management (continuous improvement) within organizations. History The 360-degree feedback was initially used by the U. S. Armed Forces to support development of its staff in the 1940’s. Later on Clark Wilson from the University of Bridgeport (Connecticut) developed the first 360-degree feedback survey instruments for management development and it has been used and studied since 1973 (www. erformanceprograms. com). Valuable factors A 360-degree feedback offers a variety of remarkably potential benefits. According to Stephane Brutus et al. (2006), all of the following benefits have been applied to six different countries in distinct functions, such as: accounting, finance, manufacturing, and many other primary departments. â⠂¬ ¢Individuals get a broader perspective of how they are perceived by others than previously possible. It indicates that awareness of and relevance of competencies in workers’ psyche will continue to increase over time. At this point, management should be aware that they too have development needs that are crucial for the whole organization. Once this step has been applied, employees would next give more reliable feedback to managers about their performance. I believe this method could be seen as a win-win situation which is beneficial for both workers and management. †¢Encouraging more open feedback — new insights. It indicates that reinforcing the desired competencies of the business requires a clearer picture to senior management of individual’s real worth. A 360-degree feedback clarifies the employee’s critical performance aspects because open feedback gives people a more rounded view of performance than they had previously. †¢Identifying key development areas for the individual, a department and the organization as a whole. Individuals’ strengths can be used to the best advantage of the business. A rounded view of the individual’s/ team’s/ organization’s performance determines appropriately strengths and weaknesses in business environment. Therefore, the self-awareness of managers will have personally impact upon subordinates. †¢Supporting a climate of continuous improvement. Starting to improve the climate/ morale will be measured through the survey. Management should focus on agenda and discuss for development based upon the collected 360-degree feedback. Goals and objectives of 360-degree feedback Applying 360-feedback requires that both recipients and reviewers are involved in confidential feedback. The negative effect of transparent feedback can negatively affected by emotions and peer conflicts. This issue can lead to impaired job performance and adverse interpersonal relationship among the employees. Patricia Angelucci (2000) states the desired objectives of a 360-degree feedback are increasing professional accountability, motivating staff, and increasing employee morale and satisfaction (Angelucci, 2000). Importantly, she claims that 360-degree appraisal given to employees provides for constructive feedback and employee recognition by objectively measuring performance, and gives the employee the responsibility to contribute information (Patricia Angelucci, 2000). It is clear that using 360-degree feedback can necessarily improve labors’ job performance as long the evaluations are delivered honestly, openly, and objectively to the targets in every aspect of management including superiors and subordinates. Process of 360-feedback Robert Garbett et al. (2007) suggest several recommendations to optimize the usefulness of the process in preparing 360-degree feedback: 1. Thorough preparation. It is remarkably crucial to all members involved about the purpose and criteria used to identify role set members. Preparation indicates key to achieve successfulness in implementing 360-degree appraisal. 2. Suitability. Methods used in gathering information need to reflect what is convenient and appropriate to the colleagues one is working with. 3. Anonymity. Anonymity and openness were found to be useful. Open approaches offer more detailed information for the development of expertise and workforce effectiveness. Further, Garbett et al. (2007) add that the characteristic useful to ensure quality on 360-degree feedbacks is self-assessment based on critical reflection using an evidence-based framework of field expertise (Garbett, 2007). This method will prevent employees from mistakenly giving feedback to coworkers, and it should be based on observation of practice and experience in the past. The implementation of 360-degree feedback has been widely used across the globe since its benefits to the every sector of management. Metcalfe (1998) and Swain et al (2004) says, â€Å"The concept of 360-degree feedback has been extensively used, examined, and adapted in business and increasingly in healthcare as a developmental tool† (As cited in Garbett et al. , 2007, p. 343). Ten steps to conducting 360-degree feedback Chris Pearce (2007) suggests there are ten steps to help companies conduct 360-degree appraisal: ? Preparing for appraisal interviews. This step includes agreed performance objectives and reviews that have been applied at any given times. ?Planning appraisals Imperative interviews held by the management have to be relaxed and solemn will be covered on this step. ?Conducting appraisals The third step involves placing situation of the prolific substitutes thoughts, demonstrating the ability of comfort and prevention due to interruptions during the interview, and pioneering the basic regulation for appraisals and the concerns by appraisees. Reviewing achievements Next, this step explains about assessing appraisees’ accomplishment and detecting where the appraisees’ position. ?Sharing views on progress Offering responses on appraisees’ accomplishment, ensuring appraisees’ aggrement on the responses, and creating the improvement if needed are covered on this st ep. ?Considering ratings This step is concerned with contributing the appraisees’ beliefs by rating the conclusions before the last result comes up. ?Plans for improvement Expanding and accentuating the further progression of the failings must be applied in the conformity and conversation should be involved in this step. ?Dealing with development plans This step deals with sincerity and factuality that must be concerned with the appraisees’ objectives and profession ambition. ?Agreeing new objectives With regards to SMART which stands for specific, measurable, appropriate, realistic, and timed, appraisses’ goals and time spent should be involved in this step. Asking for feedback In the last step, questioning about appraisees’ responses to them, abridging the essential points of evaluation, and ending with conclusion should be applied for the last action. Discussion Every country has been fascinated with Japanese industry for decades and it became recognized as the world’s most competitive nation in the 1970s and 1980s. Nowadays, many small and big companies all over the world attempt to apply the Japanese system to their sys tem in every aspect of management. Several experts explain why Japan can compete well to attract its target market albeit the rivalry among the competing sellers is high in the country. It is simply a distinctive approach to Japanese management has brought remarkable impact in today’s practices such as total quality and continuous improvement (Porter, Takeuchi, & Sakakibara, 2000). With regards to improvement initiatives, Pryor, White, and Toombs (1998) point out that performance appraisal is one of the strategic quality management tools which use continuous improvement as a strategic weapon (http://www. 12manage. com). In addition, Bracken and Timmreck (1999) also agree that performance evaluations are essential for developing managerial behaviors in every level that provide data in its strategic efforts when they say, â€Å"As results of 360-degree feedback are used in conjunction with HR systems, such as staffing, succession planning, compensation, performance management and even, in some cases, downsizing† (As cited in Treena L. Gillespie, 2005, p. 363). In establishing 360-degree feedback, I contemplate there is another aspect affects people’s judgment relating to leaving feedbacks to coworkers. Coaching is one of the critical components of stimulating interpersonal relationship in conjunction with feedback results. Wright states, â€Å"The coaching component in management is a two way street. There needs to be open communication in order for successful coaching to take place† (Robert F. Wright, 2000). As such, I would like to emphasize that two-way interaction between subordinates and superiors is required in order to affect feedbacks and indeed, better feedbacks will generate better relationship. This component could cover poor communication problem which can lead to unpleasant feedbacks to employees within an organization. Nowadays, big companies such as British Airways, AT&T, Alberto Culver North America, and General Electric are increasingly using 360-degree feedback (Huet-Cox, Nielsen, & Sundstrom, 1999). According to Evans (2001), using 360-degree feedback can potentially provide a fuller, more realistic picture of the employee’s overall performance since every employee receives performance feedback from four sources: the supervisors, subordinates, peers and coworkers, and self-ratings (Evans, 2001). Effective appraisals usually lead to better performances from appraisees, and feedabcks should be jointly solving problems as long appraisees always focus on the future not the past. Several characteristics of 360-degree feedback at firms may have considerable advantages of implementing TQM, and â€Å"One survey showed that more than 20 percent of firms are tying 360-degree appraisal directly to their Total Quality Management efforts† (Laabs, 1994, p. 17). Applying the 360-degree feedback compliments the implementation of TQM in businesses since it has faster communication line (superiors to subordinates) and uncomplicated system that meets customer needs and expectations. Glover (1993) argues that there is a five-stage implementation framework that could be applied in enterprises: awareness, education, structural change, necessary activities, and outcomes or expected improvements (as cited in Yusof & Aspinwall, 2000, p. 281). Appropriate design of the 360-degree feedback will absolutely provide a strong basis for the path to successful TQM implementation. A systematic procedure such as ISO 9000 is the first-most effective way that can solve the quality problems in many businesses. Take for instance, the 360-degree feedback is used to measure the effectiveness of Just In Time (JIT) inventory system in plant department within company. Consequently, an integrated JIT inventory model generated through 360-degree system can minimize the sum of the ordering/ setup cost, holding cost, quality improvement, and crashing costs (Yang & Pan, 2004). Once those procedures have been established, the next step is to plan for improvement. If the need for change is highly needed, some methods suggested by Asher (1992) could encourage the renovation process of the implementation: investigating cost of quality, conducting customer perception surveys, collecting data on employees’ perceptions, and establishing system and procedure (as cited in Yusof & Aspinwall, 2000, p. 289). This type of approach in context of management will escalate the job performance as it will result in improved productivity in workers. I agree with Wright’s (2000) standpoint saying that 360-degree feedback can be seen as result-oriented concerned with focusing on the goals rather than the process (Robert F. Wright, 2000). More importantly, such a evaluation should lead the employees to work together attaining the company’s goals, as Wright (2000) says, â€Å"It is critical for a good manager to be more concerned with the results and less with the process of how those are achieved† (Robert F. Wright, 2000, p. 363). As long as the process is performed well, managers should be more concerned about the results not necessarily the technique. With regards to labors’ skills, through evaluations management should encourage its workers give feedback about what needs to change and where to change, as Loup and Koller says,† Listening and speaking from the heart about what people think, feel, and believe about the change will keep the change process moving forward† (Loup & Koller, 2005, p. 77). As we can conclude, utilizing well-scheduled 360-degree feedbacks as a performance appraisal is the management’s responsibilities for introducing, applying, and maintaining the practice punctually once it has started. Some companies consider a 360-degree feedback and other appraisals are attributable to adverse quality, and ironically the process in implementing those techniques seem to be time-consuming and convey some negative perceptions to the management. Management should contemplate that the company’s goals will not be successfully attained if employees do not notice whether or not they are performing well on their job as Senge (1990) concludes that yet the primary threats to our survival today come not from events but from slow gradual processes to which we are 90 percent blind (Peter M. Senge, 1990). In conclusion, all the suggestions by experts above regarding quality improvements mostly explain the importance of the 360-degree feedback within companies. Therefore, 360-degree assessment can assist the management on track and measure employee’s performance and leadership which could contribute to overall organization performance (Marcie Levine, 2003). Finally, if the 360-degree appraisal is not applied soon, I believe companies will experience a problem which can be looming ahead for the company itself in the years to come. References Angelucci, Patricia. 2000). Cultural diversity: health belief systems. Nursing Management Journal, 7-8. Brutus, Stephane et al. (2006). Internationalization of multi-source feedback systems: a six-country exploratory analysis of 360- degree feedback. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1888-1906. Evans, A. (2001). From every angle. Training, 38 (9), 22. Garbett, Robert. (2007). Developing a qualitative approach t o 360-degree feedback to aid understanding and development of clinical expertise. Journal of Nursing Management, 342-347. Gillespie, Treena L. (2005). Internationalizing 360-degree feedback: are subordinate ratings comparable? Journal of Business and Psychology, 361-382. hands of people to effect change. Organizational Development Journal, 23(3), 73-81. Huet-Cox, G. D. , Nielsen T. M. , & Sundstrom, E. (1999, May). Get the most from 360-degree feedback: put it on the internet. HR Magazine, 92-103. Laabs, J. J. (1994). TQM Efforts to Rewards. Personnel Journal, 17. Law, David R. (2007). Appraising performance appraisals: a critical look at an external control management technique. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 35-47. Levine, Marcie. (2003). 3600 assessments-where do I start? Survey Connect Inc, 1-4. Loup, R. , & Koller, R. (2005). The road to commitment: Capturing the head, hearts and Pearce, Chris. (2007). Ten steps to conducting appraisals. Nursing Management Journal, 21. Porter, Michael E. , Takeuchi, Hirotaka & Sakakibara, Mariko. (2000). Can Japan compete? Cambridge: Perseus Publishing. Pryor, Mildred G. , White, J. Chris & Toombs, Leslie A. (1998). Strategic Quality Management. Thomson Learning. Senge, Peter M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art & practice of the learning organization (1st ed. . New York: Doubleday. Wright, Robert F. (2000). Strategies for avoiding the micro management trap. Journal of Management Decision, 362-364. Yang, Jin-Shan, & Pan, Jason Chao-Hsien. (2004). Just-in-time purchasing: an integrated inventory model involving deterministic variable lead time and quality improvement investment. International Journal of Production Research, 853-863. Yusof, Sha’ri M ohd & Aspinwall, Elaine. (2000). Total quality management implementation frameworks: comparison and review. Journal of Total Quality Management, 281-294. www. 12manage. com www. performanceprograms. com 360 Degree Feedback Abstract As today’s businesses continue to expand, workers are expected to perform well on their jobs. This is what truly happened to management who has a tendency to measure how well they are doing on their job. The job done in a certain period of time is frequently evaluated by performance appraisal. Performance appraisals lead to enhancing employee’s performance, internal communication (relationship), and quality improvements as well. Some experts argue that formal performance appraisal is somewhat useless and many of them contemplate performance appraisals can be detrimental to quality improvement and convey some negative perceptions to the management (David Law, 2007). Albeit many professionals pointed out disadvantages associated with using performance appraisal, I contemplate that its benefits outweigh drawbacks. As such, a 360-degree feedback is one of the numerous examples of performance evaluation methods. Performance appraisals can be used to measure one’s job performance with feedback from subordinates, peers, and managers in the organization, so that everyone in the particular organization knows what and where he or she needs to improve. In addition, well-scheduled 360-degree feedbacks lead to positive changes in worker’s job satisfaction and enhance the company’s effort to attain its own interest. The stable encouragement of the effects of performance appraisal has a variety of short-term and long-term consequences including improved job performance, harmonious interpersonal relationships (superiors and subordinates), and as well as advanced quality management (continuous improvement) within organizations. History The 360-degree feedback was initially used by the U. S. Armed Forces to support development of its staff in the 1940’s. Later on Clark Wilson from the University of Bridgeport (Connecticut) developed the first 360-degree feedback survey instruments for management development and it has been used and studied since 1973 (www. erformanceprograms. com). Valuable factors A 360-degree feedback offers a variety of remarkably potential benefits. According to Stephane Brutus et al. (2006), all of the following benefits have been applied to six different countries in distinct functions, such as: accounting, finance, manufacturing, and many other primary departments. â⠂¬ ¢Individuals get a broader perspective of how they are perceived by others than previously possible. It indicates that awareness of and relevance of competencies in workers’ psyche will continue to increase over time. At this point, management should be aware that they too have development needs that are crucial for the whole organization. Once this step has been applied, employees would next give more reliable feedback to managers about their performance. I believe this method could be seen as a win-win situation which is beneficial for both workers and management. †¢Encouraging more open feedback — new insights. It indicates that reinforcing the desired competencies of the business requires a clearer picture to senior management of individual’s real worth. A 360-degree feedback clarifies the employee’s critical performance aspects because open feedback gives people a more rounded view of performance than they had previously. †¢Identifying key development areas for the individual, a department and the organization as a whole. Individuals’ strengths can be used to the best advantage of the business. A rounded view of the individual’s/ team’s/ organization’s performance determines appropriately strengths and weaknesses in business environment. Therefore, the self-awareness of managers will have personally impact upon subordinates. †¢Supporting a climate of continuous improvement. Starting to improve the climate/ morale will be measured through the survey. Management should focus on agenda and discuss for development based upon the collected 360-degree feedback. Goals and objectives of 360-degree feedback Applying 360-feedback requires that both recipients and reviewers are involved in confidential feedback. The negative effect of transparent feedback can negatively affected by emotions and peer conflicts. This issue can lead to impaired job performance and adverse interpersonal relationship among the employees. Patricia Angelucci (2000) states the desired objectives of a 360-degree feedback are increasing professional accountability, motivating staff, and increasing employee morale and satisfaction (Angelucci, 2000). Importantly, she claims that 360-degree appraisal given to employees provides for constructive feedback and employee recognition by objectively measuring performance, and gives the employee the responsibility to contribute information (Patricia Angelucci, 2000). It is clear that using 360-degree feedback can necessarily improve labors’ job performance as long the evaluations are delivered honestly, openly, and objectively to the targets in every aspect of management including superiors and subordinates. Process of 360-feedback Robert Garbett et al. (2007) suggest several recommendations to optimize the usefulness of the process in preparing 360-degree feedback: 1. Thorough preparation. It is remarkably crucial to all members involved about the purpose and criteria used to identify role set members. Preparation indicates key to achieve successfulness in implementing 360-degree appraisal. 2. Suitability. Methods used in gathering information need to reflect what is convenient and appropriate to the colleagues one is working with. 3. Anonymity. Anonymity and openness were found to be useful. Open approaches offer more detailed information for the development of expertise and workforce effectiveness. Further, Garbett et al. (2007) add that the characteristic useful to ensure quality on 360-degree feedbacks is self-assessment based on critical reflection using an evidence-based framework of field expertise (Garbett, 2007). This method will prevent employees from mistakenly giving feedback to coworkers, and it should be based on observation of practice and experience in the past. The implementation of 360-degree feedback has been widely used across the globe since its benefits to the every sector of management. Metcalfe (1998) and Swain et al (2004) says, â€Å"The concept of 360-degree feedback has been extensively used, examined, and adapted in business and increasingly in healthcare as a developmental tool† (As cited in Garbett et al. , 2007, p. 343). Ten steps to conducting 360-degree feedback Chris Pearce (2007) suggests there are ten steps to help companies conduct 360-degree appraisal: ? Preparing for appraisal interviews. This step includes agreed performance objectives and reviews that have been applied at any given times. ?Planning appraisals Imperative interviews held by the management have to be relaxed and solemn will be covered on this step. ?Conducting appraisals The third step involves placing situation of the prolific substitutes thoughts, demonstrating the ability of comfort and prevention due to interruptions during the interview, and pioneering the basic regulation for appraisals and the concerns by appraisees. Reviewing achievements Next, this step explains about assessing appraisees’ accomplishment and detecting where the appraisees’ position. ?Sharing views on progress Offering responses on appraisees’ accomplishment, ensuring appraisees’ aggrement on the responses, and creating the improvement if needed are covered on this st ep. ?Considering ratings This step is concerned with contributing the appraisees’ beliefs by rating the conclusions before the last result comes up. ?Plans for improvement Expanding and accentuating the further progression of the failings must be applied in the conformity and conversation should be involved in this step. ?Dealing with development plans This step deals with sincerity and factuality that must be concerned with the appraisees’ objectives and profession ambition. ?Agreeing new objectives With regards to SMART which stands for specific, measurable, appropriate, realistic, and timed, appraisses’ goals and time spent should be involved in this step. Asking for feedback In the last step, questioning about appraisees’ responses to them, abridging the essential points of evaluation, and ending with conclusion should be applied for the last action. Discussion Every country has been fascinated with Japanese industry for decades and it became recognized as the world’s most competitive nation in the 1970s and 1980s. Nowadays, many small and big companies all over the world attempt to apply the Japanese system to their sys tem in every aspect of management. Several experts explain why Japan can compete well to attract its target market albeit the rivalry among the competing sellers is high in the country. It is simply a distinctive approach to Japanese management has brought remarkable impact in today’s practices such as total quality and continuous improvement (Porter, Takeuchi, & Sakakibara, 2000). With regards to improvement initiatives, Pryor, White, and Toombs (1998) point out that performance appraisal is one of the strategic quality management tools which use continuous improvement as a strategic weapon (http://www. 12manage. com). In addition, Bracken and Timmreck (1999) also agree that performance evaluations are essential for developing managerial behaviors in every level that provide data in its strategic efforts when they say, â€Å"As results of 360-degree feedback are used in conjunction with HR systems, such as staffing, succession planning, compensation, performance management and even, in some cases, downsizing† (As cited in Treena L. Gillespie, 2005, p. 363). In establishing 360-degree feedback, I contemplate there is another aspect affects people’s judgment relating to leaving feedbacks to coworkers. Coaching is one of the critical components of stimulating interpersonal relationship in conjunction with feedback results. Wright states, â€Å"The coaching component in management is a two way street. There needs to be open communication in order for successful coaching to take place† (Robert F. Wright, 2000). As such, I would like to emphasize that two-way interaction between subordinates and superiors is required in order to affect feedbacks and indeed, better feedbacks will generate better relationship. This component could cover poor communication problem which can lead to unpleasant feedbacks to employees within an organization. Nowadays, big companies such as British Airways, AT&T, Alberto Culver North America, and General Electric are increasingly using 360-degree feedback (Huet-Cox, Nielsen, & Sundstrom, 1999). According to Evans (2001), using 360-degree feedback can potentially provide a fuller, more realistic picture of the employee’s overall performance since every employee receives performance feedback from four sources: the supervisors, subordinates, peers and coworkers, and self-ratings (Evans, 2001). Effective appraisals usually lead to better performances from appraisees, and feedabcks should be jointly solving problems as long appraisees always focus on the future not the past. Several characteristics of 360-degree feedback at firms may have considerable advantages of implementing TQM, and â€Å"One survey showed that more than 20 percent of firms are tying 360-degree appraisal directly to their Total Quality Management efforts† (Laabs, 1994, p. 17). Applying the 360-degree feedback compliments the implementation of TQM in businesses since it has faster communication line (superiors to subordinates) and uncomplicated system that meets customer needs and expectations. Glover (1993) argues that there is a five-stage implementation framework that could be applied in enterprises: awareness, education, structural change, necessary activities, and outcomes or expected improvements (as cited in Yusof & Aspinwall, 2000, p. 281). Appropriate design of the 360-degree feedback will absolutely provide a strong basis for the path to successful TQM implementation. A systematic procedure such as ISO 9000 is the first-most effective way that can solve the quality problems in many businesses. Take for instance, the 360-degree feedback is used to measure the effectiveness of Just In Time (JIT) inventory system in plant department within company. Consequently, an integrated JIT inventory model generated through 360-degree system can minimize the sum of the ordering/ setup cost, holding cost, quality improvement, and crashing costs (Yang & Pan, 2004). Once those procedures have been established, the next step is to plan for improvement. If the need for change is highly needed, some methods suggested by Asher (1992) could encourage the renovation process of the implementation: investigating cost of quality, conducting customer perception surveys, collecting data on employees’ perceptions, and establishing system and procedure (as cited in Yusof & Aspinwall, 2000, p. 289). This type of approach in context of management will escalate the job performance as it will result in improved productivity in workers. I agree with Wright’s (2000) standpoint saying that 360-degree feedback can be seen as result-oriented concerned with focusing on the goals rather than the process (Robert F. Wright, 2000). More importantly, such a evaluation should lead the employees to work together attaining the company’s goals, as Wright (2000) says, â€Å"It is critical for a good manager to be more concerned with the results and less with the process of how those are achieved† (Robert F. Wright, 2000, p. 363). As long as the process is performed well, managers should be more concerned about the results not necessarily the technique. With regards to labors’ skills, through evaluations management should encourage its workers give feedback about what needs to change and where to change, as Loup and Koller says,† Listening and speaking from the heart about what people think, feel, and believe about the change will keep the change process moving forward† (Loup & Koller, 2005, p. 77). As we can conclude, utilizing well-scheduled 360-degree feedbacks as a performance appraisal is the management’s responsibilities for introducing, applying, and maintaining the practice punctually once it has started. Some companies consider a 360-degree feedback and other appraisals are attributable to adverse quality, and ironically the process in implementing those techniques seem to be time-consuming and convey some negative perceptions to the management. Management should contemplate that the company’s goals will not be successfully attained if employees do not notice whether or not they are performing well on their job as Senge (1990) concludes that yet the primary threats to our survival today come not from events but from slow gradual processes to which we are 90 percent blind (Peter M. Senge, 1990). In conclusion, all the suggestions by experts above regarding quality improvements mostly explain the importance of the 360-degree feedback within companies. Therefore, 360-degree assessment can assist the management on track and measure employee’s performance and leadership which could contribute to overall organization performance (Marcie Levine, 2003). Finally, if the 360-degree appraisal is not applied soon, I believe companies will experience a problem which can be looming ahead for the company itself in the years to come. References Angelucci, Patricia. 2000). Cultural diversity: health belief systems. 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